46 physical culture in different historical eras. History of the development of physical culture in Russia. Selection of local dosage form
Elements physical culture took place at the earliest stage of human civilization. The living conditions of members of primitive society were largely determined by the ability to protect themselves and their relatives from wild beasts and animals, to overcome natural obstacles and long distances in search of prey. In this sense, a person’s ability to be strong, agile and resilient became vital.
The creation of physical culture, as a specific sphere of social activity, isolated from the acquisition of material goods necessary for existence, occurred at the stage of ancient history (80,000 BC).
The characteristic systems of physical culture of the era of slavery are Spartan and ancient Greek (5-4 thousand years BC). Children in Sparta under 7 years of age were raised in a family. Then they were sent to special public houses, where harsh education was practiced. Great importance was attached to physical exercise. At the age of 18, young men were tested, after which they were given weapons and became warriors. The task of women was to give birth to a healthy, strong legacy. Before marriage, young Spartan women practiced running, wrestling, and various types of throwing.
Upbringing in Athens was more harmonious. The idea of harmonious development of personality was expressed by the ancient Hellenes in the formula - they said about an uncultured person: “He can neither read nor swim.” The ancient Greeks are the ancestors Olympic Games. Every 1417 days, starting in 776 BC, competitions were held in running, throwing, jumping, fist fighting and chariot races. The most difficult and at the same time the most popular was the pentathlon - pentathlon.
Many great philosophers of that time (Plato, Aristotle, Democritus, Epicurus, etc.) were participants and winners of the ancient Olympics. Only Greeks by origin had the right to participate in them, and only free people (not slaves) and only men. On the eve of the Games, the Olympic Truce - Ekekhiriya - was declared. All strife and wars had to stop. No one had the right to enter the territory of Olympia with weapons. Participating in the Olympic Games was considered an honor and required no less responsibility. The athlete had to prepare for ten months at home and train hard for another month in Olympia. In the temples before the opening of the Games, all participants took the Olympic oath. “I prepared honestly and hard, and I will compete fairly with my opponents!” The winners of the competition - Olympians - were awarded an olive branch or a laurel wreath. Immortal glory awaited them not only in their hometown, but throughout the Greek world.
In 394 BC. The Roman Emperor Theodosius banned the first Olympic competitions. A distinctive feature of physical culture in feudal society was preparation and participation in knightly tournaments. In capitalist society, after a 15-century hiatus, the first modern Olympic Games, held in Athens, were resumed (at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin in 1896), and the development of modern sports began.
The main dates characterizing the development of physical culture and sports in our country in the last century:
1908 - Eight Russian athletes took part in the fourth Olympic Games. The first Russian Olympic champion is figure skater Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin;
1913 – the first All-Russian Olympics;
1929 - By decision of the Council of People's Commissars, compulsory physical education classes were introduced in universities;
1952 - debut of USSR athletes at the XV Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki (medals: gold - 22, silver - 30, bronze - 19 - second overall team place after the USA);
1956 - debut of USSR athletes at the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortino - Ampezzo (medals: gold - 7, silver - 3, bronze -6; first team place);
1980 – XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. Faculty of Technology student Igor Sokolov is an Olympic champion in bullet shooting.
In 2013 The competitions of the World Summer Universiade took place in Kazan.
History of the development of physical culture
The physical perfection of a person is not a gift of nature, but a consequence of its purposeful formation (N.G. Chernyshevsky).
The harmonious combination of intelligence, physical and spiritual forces was highly valued by man throughout his development and improvement. Great men in their works emphasized the extreme importance of the comprehensive development of youth, without emphasizing the priority of physical or spiritual education, deeply understanding; to what extent overestimation and accentuated formation of any qualities lead to disruption of the harmonious development of the individual.
The term “culture”, which appeared during the emergence of human society, is far from ambiguous and is closely related to such concepts; as “cultivation”, “processing”, “education”, “education”, “development”; ʼʼreverenceʼʼ. This term in modern society covers a wide scope of transformative activity and its results in the form of corresponding values, in particular, “transformation of one’s own nature.”
Physical culture is a part (subsystem) of the general culture of mankind, which is a creative activity to master past values and create new ones, mainly in the field of development, health improvement and education of people.
In order to develop, educate and improve a person, physical culture uses the capabilities of the individual, the natural forces of nature, the achievements of the human sciences, specific scientific results and principles of medicine, hygiene, anatomy, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, military science, etc.
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Physical culture, organically intertwined with professional-industrial, economic, social relations of people, has a significant impact on them, fulfilling a humanistic and cultural-creative mission, which today, during the period of higher education reforms and the revision of the essence of previous concepts, is especially valuable and significant.
Academician N.I. Ponomarev, based on the results of a study of extensive material, came to the conclusion, which became fundamental for the history of the emergence and initial development of physical education, that “a person became a person not only in the course of the development of tools, but also in the course of the constant improvement of the human body itself.” The human body as the main productive force. In this development, hunting as a form of work played a decisive role. It was during this period that a person appreciated the benefits of new skills, vital movements, qualities of strength, endurance, and speed.
Archeology and ethnography have provided the opportunity to trace the development of man, and therefore physical culture, since ancient times. The results of scientific research allow us to conclude that from labor movements and vital actions, physical culture emerged as an almost independent type of human activity in the period from 40 to 25 thousand years BC. The appearance of throwing weapons, and later the bow, contributed to the extreme importance of preparing food getters, warriors, developing and improving already then, in the Stone Age, with the emerging systems of physical education, motor qualities as the key to successful hunting, protection from the enemy, etc.
It is also of interest that many peoples have traditions and customs of using physical culture, its educational component in initiation rituals during the transition from one age group to another. For example, boys were not allowed to get married until certain tests were completed, and girls were not allowed to get married until they proved they were fit for independent life.
Thus, on one of the islands of the New Hybrids archipelago, holidays were held annually, the culmination of which was “jumping from a tower” on land (L. Kuhn). A participant in this competition, with a fixed rope of vines tied to his ankles, flies headfirst from a height of 30 m. When the head almost touches the ground, the elastic vines contract and throw the person up, and he lands smoothly on his feet. In those distant times, those who did not pass this test were not allowed to participate in the initiation ceremony and could not appear in public.
The physical culture of the primitive period, developing resilience, strong will, and physical fitness of each member of the tribe, fostered among fellow tribesmen a sense of community in protecting their interests.
Of particular interest is the physical culture of Ancient Greece, where “those who could not read, write and swim were considered illiterate” (Ageevets V.U., 1983), physical education in the ancient Greek states of Sparta and Athens, where gymnastics, fencing, horse riding, and swimming were taught , running from the age of 7, wrestling and fist fighting - from the age of 15.
An example characterizing the level of development of physical culture in these countries was the organization and holding of the Olympic Games.
The great people of antiquity, known throughout the world, were also great athletes: the philosopher Plato was a fist fighter, the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was an Olympic champion, Hippocrates was a swimmer and wrestler.
All nations had mythical heroes with supernatural physical and spiritual abilities: Hercules and Achilles among the Greeks, Gilgames among the Babylonians, Samson among the Jews, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich among the Slavs. People, exalting their exploits, victories in competitions, the fight against evil and the forces of nature, strived to be healthy, strong, skillful and hardworking, which, naturally, was reflected in the characteristics of education, physical education, and physical culture.
It makes sense to emphasize the importance of physical culture for the Greeks with the words of the great Aristotle: “Nothing depletes and destroys a person more than prolonged physical inactivity.”
Military physical education is characteristic of the Middle Ages. A warrior knight had to master the seven knightly virtues: horse riding, fencing, archery, swimming, hunting, playing chess and the ability to write poetry.
The greatest development in capitalist society was sport as an integral part of physical culture. Various forms of physical exercise have long been known to the Russian people. Games, swimming, skiing, wrestling, fist fighting, horse riding and hunting were widespread already in Ancient Rus'. Various games were also widely used: lapta, gorodki, grandmas, leapfrog and many others.
The physical culture of the Russian people was distinguished by great originality and originality. In physical exercises common among Russians in the XIII-XVI centuries. their military and paramilitary character was clearly expressed.
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Horse riding, archery, and steeplechase were favorite folk pastimes in Rus'. Such types of competitions as fist fights, which until the beginning of the 20th century, were widespread. played a significant role as one of the basic folk original forms of physical education.
Cross-country skiing, skating, sledding, etc. were very popular among Russians. One of the original means of physical education was hunting, which served not only for hunting purposes, but also to show one’s dexterity and fearlessness (for example, hunting a bear with a spear).
Hardening was carried out in an extremely unique way in Rus'. The Russian custom of dousing yourself immediately after being in a hot bath is well known. cold water or wipe yourself with snow. Valuable original types of physical exercises were also common among other peoples who became part of the multinational Russian state that was created later.
The emergence and strengthening of the noble empire of Peter I (XVIII century) influenced the development of physical culture at the state level. This affected, first of all, the combat training of troops, physical education in educational institutions and partly the education of the nobility.
It was during the era of the reforms of Peter I that physical exercises began to be used for the first time in Russia in the training system for soldiers and officers. At the same time, physical exercises, mainly fencing and horse riding, were introduced as an academic discipline at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), at the Maritime Academy and other educational institutions. Under Peter I, physical exercise classes were also introduced in civilian gymnasiums, and rowing and sailing classes were organized for young people. These measures were the first steps of the state to manage the matter of physical culture.
In the future, physical exercises are increasingly used in educational institutions, and especially in the military education system. Much credit for this belongs to the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov.
In the second half of the 19th century. Modern sports begin to develop among young people in the form of sports clubs and clubs. The first gymnastics and sports societies and clubs appeared. B1897 ᴦ. The first football team was created in St. Petersburg, and in 1911. The All-Russian Football Union was organized, uniting 52 clubs.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Sports societies arose in St. Petersburg: ʼʼMayakʼʼ, ʼʼBogatyrʼʼ. Various sports organizations and clubs were united by 1917. quite a large number of amateur athletes. At the same time, there were no conditions for the development of mass sports. For this reason, in the conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia, individual athletes were able to show results of international class only thanks to their natural abilities and the persistence with which they trained. These are the well-known ones - Poddubny, Zaikin, Eliseev, etc.
With the advent of Soviet power, pursuing the goal of mass military training of workers and education of physically hardened army soldiers, in April 1918 ᴦ. The Decree on the organization of universal military training (Vseobuch) was adopted. In a short period of time, 2 thousand sports grounds were built, in 1918. The first IFC in the country is organized in Moscow and Leningrad. The question of strengthening state forms of management of physical education and sports work in the country has become acute. July 27, 1923 ᴦ. The Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR on the organization of scientific, educational and organizational work in physical education is published.
Adopted July 13, 1925. The resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) “On the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture” was a program for the development of the physical culture movement in the new conditions of a socialist society. The resolution defined the essence of physical culture and its place in the Soviet state, emphasizing its educational value, the extreme importance of involving the broad masses of workers, peasants, and students in the physical culture movement is pointed out.
In honor of the 10th anniversary of physical culture in the USSR (counting from the moment of the organization of Universal Education) in 1928, the All-Union Spartakiad was held, attracting over 7 thousand participants.
In 1931-1932. The physical training complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”, developed by a special commission of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, is being introduced. Over the years of the complex’s existence alone, more than 2.5 million people have passed its standards. In 1939 ᴦ. a new improved GTO complex was introduced and in the same year an annual holiday was established - the All-Union Athlete's Day. State policy was also aimed at developing mass tourism. Sections of tourism, mountaineering - rock climbing and later orienteering were in the post-war years in almost every educational institution, enterprises, and factories. The club system began to develop. Tourist clubs became methodological and training centers. The clubs trained instructors, coaches, and section leaders. It should be said that the first tourist club in the USSR was organized in the city of Rostov-on-Don in 1937. It was a universal club that united lovers of all types of travel. The club premises were very modest. It was located in two large rear areas. Here’s how the magazine “On Land and at Sea” wrote about the club’s work plans: “Here tourists have the opportunity to exchange work experience, discuss their travel plans, get advice and organize studies in tourism technology. There is no doubt that the form of club-tourist work will fully justify itself. On the walls of the rooms there are methodological, consulting and reference material for all types of amateur tourism. There is a corner for climbers, boaters, cyclists and pedestrians. Where can you go in the summer, where and how to spend a day off? Dozens of route posters answer this question. The club has sections: walking, water, cycling and mountaineering. Geographical, local history and photography clubs will be organized in the near future. The club held a consultation on how to organize tourist and excursion work at the enterprise, and lectures with transparencies about Kazbek and Elbrus. At the same time, it was planned to organize evening meetings of tourism activists and hold them for workers of factory local committees. Before the Great Patriotic War The Rostov tourist club remained the only one in the country. After the war, it was organized again in October 1961.
During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet athletes contributed to the victory over the enemy. A number of athletes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Skiers and swimmers provided invaluable assistance to the Soviet Army.
In 1957 ᴦ. there were more than 1,500 stadiums, over 5 thousand sports grounds, about 7 thousand gymnasiums, the stadium named after. IN AND. Lenin in Luzhniki, etc.
After 1948 ᴦ. USSR athletes updated the all-Union records over 5 thousand times and updated the world records almost a thousand times. The Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR played a major role.
International relations in sports are expanding every year. We are members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Council of Physical Education and Sports (CIEPS), the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and many others, members of the International Federation for 63 sports.
The Russian Student Sports Union (RSSU) was created in 1993. Today the RSSS is recognized as a single body for the management of student sports Russian Federation in higher education. Ministries and departments that have jurisdiction over higher educational institutions, the Russian State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, and the RSSS actively cooperate with the Russian Olympic Committee, being its member, with government bodies, and various youth organizations. The RSSS joined the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and takes an active part in all its events.
RSSS unites sports clubs, various physical education organizations of more than 600 higher and 2,500 secondary specialized educational institutions in the country. Regional governing bodies for student sports have been created within the structure of the RSSS. For sports, students have access to gyms, stadiums, swimming pools, ski resorts, and sports grounds of higher and secondary educational institutions. For organization summer holiday There are 290 sports and health camps operating at universities. About 10 thousand specialists conduct regular classes in physical education and sports with students. More than 50 types of sports are cultivated in higher educational institutions of Russia, the most popular of which are basketball, athletics, cross-country skiing, volleyball, football, table tennis, tourism, chess, and orienteering.
The Russian Student Sports Union annually holds national and regional championships in sports included in the programs of the World Universiade and World Student Championships. In many sports, students make up the majority of Russian national teams and take part in European and World Championships and the Olympic Games. RSSS is the legal successor of the abolished student DSO ʼʼBurevestnikʼʼ, and continues its idea and traditions. In the near future, it is planned to hold winter and summer All-Russian Universiades, regularly publish its own printed organ, create a fund for the development of student sports, issue student sports lotteries and other events aimed at implementing statutory objectives.
History of the development of physical culture - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "History of the development of physical culture" 2017, 2018.
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
The foundation of the history of Russian sports and physical culture has been created for many centuries. If we consider the origins of its traditions, then it is perhaps difficult to find a starting point: these origins are at the heart of the nation, at the heart of the character of our people.
In ancient chronicles it is often mentioned that people in the old days were hardy and strong. And if you have strength, how can you not boast about it? And, according to historians, it was a rare holiday without games. The most dexterous fenced on pikes, walked on tight ropes, the strongest strong men lifted horses, knocked down a bull, harnessed themselves to loaded carts, and bent horseshoes. Sometimes we fought with a bear, competed in the ability to throw heavy boulders...
Upbringing physical qualities is based on the constant desire to do beyond what is possible for oneself, to surprise others with one’s capabilities. But for this, from the time of birth you need to constantly and regularly engage in physical exercise.
Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, aimed at improving health, developing a person’s physical abilities, and sporting achievements. An integral part of physical culture is sport - a means and method of physical education, a system for organizing competitions in various physical exercises.
History of the development of physical culture in Russia
The history of the development of physical culture in Russia can be divided into three stages: from ancient times to 1917, the development of physical culture in the USSR and in the Russian Federation after 1991.
The emergence of physical exercise among the Eastern Slavs was due to the same reasons as throughout the world as a whole. The personification of a harmoniously developed personality in ancient times is the image of an epic hero. The main form of physical training was games. The goal of physical education until the 18th century. was military physical training, which is explained by the fact that Rus' was forced to fight many wars. The main sources about physical culture in Rus' are epics, chronicles, legends and fairy tales, paintings, etc. The first written source is “The Tale of Bygone Years” (beginning of the 12th century). The first depiction of a wrestling match dates back to 1197.
With practically no state forms of physical education in feudal Russia, folk forms played a decisive role in the physical training of the population. Among them we can highlight national types of wrestling, fist fights, military-physical training of the Russian Cossacks, national games and entertainment (fun) associated with physical activity.
Second half of the 19th century. - 1917 - a short period, but full of important historical achievements in the field of physical education and sports. Among them, it is worth highlighting: the formation of pedagogical and natural science foundations of physical education, the creation of a system of physical education (education), the development of modern sports and the establishment of the practice of physical education in educational institutions.
Fundamental works are appearing on the scientific substantiation of the pedagogical and natural scientific foundations of physical education. One of the best physics education systems for that time was being created - the system developed by P.F. Lesgaft. He formulated and scientifically substantiated the main components of the physical education system: goals, objectives, fundamentals, principles, directions, training of specialists for work in physical education, organizational forms of physical education, material, technical and financial support for physical education are beginning to take shape. He created and began to operate a special educational institution, essentially a higher pedagogical one, for the training of teachers in physical education.
The sports history of Russia, officially recorded in the protocols, begins on Sunday, February 19, 1889, when the first speed skating championship in the history of Russia took place on the ice of “Petrovka”. The program included a race of only one distance - 3 versts (3200 meters). The winner was became Alexander Panshin. The competition was watched by 1.5 thousand people, as the magazine “K Sportu” reported at the time. In 1891, the first All-Russian championship in bicycle racing for 7.5 versts (8000 meters) was held at the Khodynka cycling track. Until that time, cyclists competed at the Moscow Hippodrome.At the end of the last century, championships in figure skating, weightlifting, tennis, and cross-country skiing began to be held in Moscow.
At the same time, experimental private schools for children began to be created in Russia - new type educational institutions, where progressive ideas in the field of physical education of children were reflected. Of great importance for the development of physical culture was the emergence at that time of a new type of physical education organizations - public physical education and sports organizations. They promoted a healthy lifestyle, gymnastics, sports and tourism for a wide range of the population, and trained active enthusiasts and teachers.
Many modern sports are emerging and beginning to develop, in which national championships are held and All-Russian sports organizations are being created. Russia is beginning to actively participate in the work of international sports associations. Physical education and sports in Russia are developing mainly thanks to public physical education and sports organizations. However, in 1911 and 1913, two large state bodies governing physical education and sports were created. The first of them - the Russian Olympic Committee - was created in connection with the beginning of Russia's participation in the International Olympic Movement, and the creation of the second - the Office of the Chief Monitoring the Physical Development of the Population of the Russian Empire - was due to the poor physical preparation of young people.
By 1910, Moscow football, speed skating, skiing, and other leagues were created. Russian athletes began to travel to international competitions and hold them in their own countries, they have already won the title of European and world champions. Russia, mainly represented by Moscow and St. Petersburg athletes, gradually became a sports power.
In the first decade of the 20th century, when Russian sport began to enter the international arena, another phenomenon occurred - perhaps not as bright as victory in major competitions, but extremely significant: sport was leaving the hands of individuals, ceasing to be a pastime for the elite.
On February 7, 1910, the cross-country skiing championship was held in Moscow for the first time in Russia. Pavel Bychkov ran thirty kilometers through Petrovsky Park, Khodynsky Field, and the Moscow River the fastest.
Athletes from Tsarist Russia did not participate in the 1st Olympic tournament in 1896 because they did not have the funds to travel to Greece. For the same reason, they did not participate in the II and III Olympiads. For the first time, Russian athletes came to the 1908 Olympic Games in London. There were only five of them, and three of them won medals - one gold and two silver. Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin won the figure skating competition, and classical style wrestlers A. Petrov and N. Orlov were second in their weight categories.
In 1912, 178 Russian athletes came to Stockholm for the V Olympic Games. However, due to insufficient preparation, the Russian team took only 15th place. Many capable athletes could not fully develop their talents under the conditions of tsarist rule. Many did not have access to yachts, Finnish racing skis "Haapovesi", "Norwegian" cross-country skates, or "Maxplay" rackets! Residents of the country's provincial cities had even fewer opportunities. In conditions when the tsarist government did not provide athletes with either material or moral support, when the leaders of private clubs cared only about their own interests, big-time sports were inaccessible to most fans!
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the situation changed radically. The Communist Party and the Soviet state took upon themselves the responsibility for the massive development of physical education and sports in the country. The people's power made sport a universal property, opened the way to it for everyone who strived for a comprehensive physical development. Already in 1920, despite the difficulties experienced by the young Soviet Republic, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened.
At the beginning of the 20th century. prerequisites are being created for the further development of the domestic system of physical education: theoretical, natural science, methodological and organizational. However, the entire pre-revolutionary history of the development of sports in Russia was an era of loners, and sport as a social phenomenon occupied a more than modest place in its life. Physical education and sports were practically deprived of state support; they existed and improved only thanks to the enthusiasm and patronage of the progressive strata of the Russian intelligentsia, who did a lot of useful things for its development.
The formation of domestic physical education and sports in the Soviet period took place on the basis of what had already been achieved in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the USSR, a system of physical education was developed, the principles, directions, means and methods of physical education and sports training were determined, organizational forms of functioning were formed, and issues of logistics and financial support were partially resolved. The process of formation and development of the Soviet system of physical education, despite its general progressive nature, can be described as complex and contradictory.
The creation of the foundations of the Soviet system of physical education began with the introduction of state governing bodies, whose activities were subordinated to the principle of vertical subordination of lower organizations to higher ones. In the 1920s The development of physical culture and sports was distinguished by its multidirectional nature: medical direction, proletarian physical culture, scout education system, concepts of supporters of national-bourgeois systems of physical education, etc.
An important milestone in the development of physical education and sports in the Republic of Soviets was Vsevobuch, an integral part of which was physical training. This was a new look at the physical culture movement - from a class point of view, it put sport on a par with such concepts as patriotism and responsibility for the fate of the revolution. The Vsevobuch instructors were mainly athletes, who passed on their skills and experience to pre-conscripts. The best skiers, gymnasts, and speed skaters worked with the youth. They formed the core of the Supreme Council of Physical Culture. On the day of the anniversary of Vsevobuch, a parade of its units took place. on Red Square, which shows the enormous possibilities hidden in sports. Moscow looked with surprise at the good, strong young people who not only preserved, but also strengthened their strength in difficult times of war, ready at any moment to defend their Motherland.
In 1923, the country's first voluntary sports society, Dynamo, was founded. For the first time, the national football team of the RSFSR, which went abroad, successfully performed in Sweden, Norway, Germany... In those years, still slowly, but the assault on seconds, centimeters, without which the life of an athlete is unthinkable, had already begun And another record was born - a record of mass participation. Sports grounds were built throughout the country, physical education cells were created in factories and factories. The Ant society, created on the initiative of the Komsomol, operated in many cities.
Various ultra-long distances, the start or finish of which was Moscow, also became popular in those years. So in 1927, Moscow skiers made the transition from Moscow to Oslo in 35 days. And in the summer of 1932, Turkmen athletes rode horses from Ashgabat to Moscow in 85 days. The teaching of physical education was introduced in all schools and universities. Wide opportunities opened up for Soviet youth to engage in a wide variety of sports.
On August 17, 1928, the first All-Union Spartakiad opened with a parade on Red Square. It is significant that this happened on the day when the IX Olympic Games ended in Amsterdam. Bourgeois sports figures predicted the failure of the Spartakiad, but its first record was set even before the start: 7,225 athletes came to Moscow from all over our country to compete - more than in Amsterdam, where only 3,015 representatives from 46 countries of the world gathered.
Many remarkable achievements and records were registered during these 12 days of the Spartakiad. In terms of intensity of passions and technical results, the competition was not inferior to the Olympic Games. The final of the Spartakiad was decorated with football matches. The newly opened Dynamo stadium was tested under preliminary loads - it seemed that the whole city wanted to watch the games of the national teams of Moscow, Leningrad and Ukraine.
The first All-Union Spartakiad became an important milestone in the development of physical culture in Russia. The country was preparing to step into the first working five-year plan. New sports facilities appeared in Moscow.
The process of development of scientific and methodological foundations of physical education and sports was largely hampered by their excessive ideologization and politicization. In the 30s - 50s. Soviet physical culture and sports become part of the ideology of the totalitarian regime; the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism is proclaimed their methodological basis. The main efforts of science in the USSR were aimed at developing elite sports, as it was seen as a means of demonstrating the advantages of the socialist system over the capitalist one.
The system of physical education for boys and girls was based on the GTO complex - “Ready for labor and defense of the USSR.” Historians of Moscow sports, talking about the GTO complex, always remember the Znamensky brothers: their very first steps on the treadmill coincided with passing the standards of this complex. And their amazing victories over experienced, recognized runners began! Talented nuggets came to the sport, and this was the main feature of those years. The truly national, massive scale of the physical education movement in our country began to bear fruit with records, high-profile victories that glorified the names of many athletes throughout the world.
In 1936, in Moscow and Nottingham (England), at major international chess tournaments, the Soviet chess player Mikhail Botvinnik made people talk about himself with his brilliant victories. He was 25 years old then. Botvinnik was one of the most prominent representatives of the Russian chess school, which received international recognition back in the 30s.
Back in the 20s, Soviet football entered the international arena. In 1934, the Moscow team won the World Cup of workers' sports organizations, in the same year they met with the leader of professional football - the Czechoslovak team "Židenice" and won with a score of 3: 2. In 1935, teams of new, newly created sports societies were formed in Moscow - “Spartak”, “Lokomotiv”, “Burevestnik”; the game gained enormous popularity.
Winter sports competitions continued with the same intensity, but now skiers and skaters were striving for the best seconds in the world. Athletes demonstrated their skills not only in traditional sports. In 1935, the first rugby tournament took place. Mountaineering developed, and the capital's mountain climbers, under the leadership of the Abalakov brothers, stormed mountain peaks one after another. In the early 30s in Moscow, at the M. Gorky Central Park of Culture and Culture, a school of ski jumping instructors was opened. Glider pilots and parachutists trained at the Tushino airfield, near the western border of Moscow. Osoaviakhim pilots mastered aerobatics and made ultra-long flights - in one of these, V. Kokkinaki set three international records in flight along the Moscow-Sevastopol-Moscow route. In 1937, water-motor competitions began to be held in Moscow for the first time, and automobile and motorcycle sports became widespread.
In 1936, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create voluntary sports societies. The experience of the Moscow societies "Dynamo" and "Spartak" showed that such centralization of efforts strengthens physical culture teams in enterprises and institutions. On June 21, 1936, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports was formed under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Soviet athletes received official representation in the country's governing body. As evidence of nationwide recognition of the merits of athletes, the honorary title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR was established in 1934.
Physical education and sports have already become firmly established in the life of the Russian people. And it is not surprising that in 1939 the All-Union Athlete's Day was established - a holiday that has become an annual event for Russian people. The victorious march across the country was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War, the efforts of the Soviet system of physical education were aimed at organizing military physical training and therapeutic physical culture. The content of physical education programs of all educational institutions, the GTO complex, the “Unified All-Union Sports Classification”, and the activities of all physical education and sports organizations served to solve the problems of universal military training of the country’s population. The normative basis of physical fitness in the USSR was the ESK, which regulated the implementation of sports categories and titles in individual sports.
In a war-torn country, sports traditions did not fade away even in those harsh years. And if in June 1941 it was not possible to hold the scheduled matches, then in December 1941 the bandy cup was played in Moscow, speed skating competitions were held at Pionersky Ponds, and a chess championship for the city championship was held. In the difficult spring of 1942, the traditional relay race along the Garden Ring took place.
In the first post-war summer, it was sometimes impossible to get on a trolleybus on Gorky Street: fans were rushing to see Dynamo... Already in the victorious year of 1945, the Moscow sports calendar included competitions in all sports. Such attention, of course, became a powerful stimulus for the growth of sports results: in 1945, 108 all-Union records were set, of which 13 were higher than official world achievements.
Priority development after the Great Patriotic War was given to elite sport, in which major material, technical and financial resources were invested. It became a kind of testing ground for the rivalry between two ideological systems - socialist and capitalist. The USSR has developed a coherent and well-functioning system for training high-class athletes, supported by an organizational, material, methodological and scientific base. The contradiction between mass and health-improving physical culture and high-achievement sports is the main problem of the post-war physical education movement in the USSR.
Since 1930, in the USSR, work on physical culture and sports at enterprises, institutions, universities, and schools was carried out by physical culture groups (KFC) or sports clubs (SC). This organizational form, based on the production principle, has justified itself and shown the feasibility of existing in the future. In the 60s - 80s. In our country, many mass forms of work with children in physical education and sports took place. They gave impetus to the development of physical education and sports among children.
In the period 1932-1988. the content of physical education means in secondary schools and other educational institutions was closely linked to the list of control exercises included in the GTO complex. It was proclaimed as the programmatic and normative basis of the Soviet system of physical education. Pre-war and wartime school programs (1932-1945) were completely focused on military-physical training of schoolchildren.
In the late 1940s - early 1950s. School physical education was reoriented towards sports training, as Soviet athletes began to compete at the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games.
Dynamo's tour to the homeland of football, England, in 1945 was triumphant. Victories over the strongest clubs in this country showed the readiness of our athletes to compete at any level. The following year, 1946, football had a rival: ice hockey. On December 22 in Moscow, on the small field of the Dynamo stadium, the first USSR championship in “Canadian hockey,” as it was called then, opened. A new game I fell in love with it - three years later the whole country was already “sick” of it. As before, bandy was also very popular - in 1948, according to the most conservative estimates, this sport had 40 thousand players in the capital!
The Soviet Union joined many international sports federations. In the spring of 1951, an Olympic Committee was created with the USSR. The country's best athletes were preparing for the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki. Before the start of the Games, the Western press predicted an unconditional victory in the unofficial Olympic standings for American athletes, the favorites of many past Olympics. But something unexpected happened: the US team had to share first place with the “Olympic newcomer” - the USSR team. A “combat draw” with experienced opponents was equivalent to a victory.
These and subsequent Games became for our athletes not only a show of skill, but also a school of new victories, an excellent means for the further development of physical movement. And each Olympics, which was an unforgettable milestone in the history of world sports, revealed more and more new names of winners.
On October 23, 1974, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), at its session in Vienna, chose Moscow as the venue for the Games of the XXII Olympiad. Moscow has rightfully become the Olympic capital: 60 large stadiums, 30 swimming pools, over 1,300 gyms, almost 400 football fields, more than 2,000 basketball and volleyball courts, more than 200 courts and many other sports facilities. The enormous prestige of Soviet sports, won by victories in the international arena and a significant contribution to the further development of the Olympic movement, spoke in favor of our capital.
Since the 1970s The focus of school physical education began to change. These issues were especially acute after the adoption of the resolution “Main Directions for the Reform of General Education and Vocational Schools.” Experts have clearly stated that two physical education lessons a week cannot solve the tasks set for school physical education. A characteristic feature of the domestic system of physical education in these years is its focus on the revival of folk forms and national types of physical exercises.
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Russian Federation as an independent state, a new school program in physical education was adopted, fundamentally different from the previous ones. It is no longer linked to the GTO complex and consists of two parts: mandatory (standard) for all schools and variable (differentiated), developed in specific regions on the principles of local expediency.
Conclusion
Physical education is aimed at strengthening health and harmonious development of the human body; this is one of the indicators of the state of physical culture in society.
Since 1996, several physical education programs for schoolchildren have been introduced on the territory of the Russian Federation: a program based on one sport, a comprehensive program, an anti-stress plastic gymnastics program, and original programs. In essence, this means the termination of the unified program, including its basic part, in all schools of the Russian Federation. A special feature of the programs is that they not only answer the question “what to teach,” but also explain “how to teach,” i.e. contain a section on methodological recommendations.
Thanks to the development and implementation of such programs, it was possible to preserve the state system of management of physical culture and sports.
List of used literature
1. Goloshchapov B.R. History of physical culture and sports: Textbook. manual for students / B.R. Goloshchapov. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2002.
2. Physical culture of a student: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Ilyinich. - M.: Gardariki, 2004.
3. Tsarik A.V. About physical and spiritual culture. Hygiene in physical education / A.V. Tsarik. - M.: Knowledge, 1999.
Contents Introduction History of the development of physical culture in Russia Conclusion List of used literature Introduction The foundation of the history of Russian sports and physical culture has been created for many centuries. If we considerSend your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
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them. K. D. Ushinsky
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Discipline: "Physical Education"
On the topic: “History of physical culture”
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Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at promoting health, developing a person’s physical abilities and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, and the structure of free time; the nature of the physical education system, the development of mass sports, the highest sporting achievements, etc.
The physical culture of a people is part of its history. Its formation and subsequent development are closely related to the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country’s economy, its statehood, and the political and spiritual life of society.
Sport is an integral part of physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, a system of organizing and conducting competitions in various sets of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. Historically, it developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people’s achievements in certain types of physical exercises and the level of their physical development.
The field of sports has historically included various elements of human activity. Sports with a centuries-old history developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity, used by man for the purposes of physical education back in ancient times.
1. History of the development of physical culture
The term “culture”, which appeared during the emergence of human society, is far from ambiguous and is closely related to such concepts; as “cultivation”, “processing”, “education”, “education”, “development”, “veneration”. This term in modern society covers a wide scope of transformative activity and its results in the form of corresponding values, in particular, “transformation of one’s own nature.”
Physical culture is a part (subsystem) of the general culture of mankind, which is a creative activity for the development of past values and the creation of new values, mainly in the field of development, health improvement and education of people.
In order to develop, educate and improve a person, physical culture uses the capabilities of the individual, the natural forces of nature, the achievements of the human sciences, specific scientific results and principles of medicine, hygiene, anatomy, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, military affairs, etc. Physical culture, organically intertwined in professional-production, economic, social relations of people, has a significant influence on them, fulfilling a humanistic and cultural-creative mission, which today, during the period of reforms of higher education and the revision of the essence of previous concepts, is especially valuable and significant.
Academician N.I. Ponomarev, based on the results of a study of extensive material, came to the conclusion, which became fundamental for the history of the emergence and initial development of physical education, that “a person became a person not only in the course of the development of tools, but also in the course of the constant improvement of the human body itself. The human body as the main productive force." In this development, hunting, as a form of work, played a decisive role. It was during this period that a person appreciated the benefits of new skills, vital movements, qualities of strength, endurance, and speed.
Archeology and ethnography have provided the opportunity to trace the development of man, and therefore physical culture, since ancient times. The results of scientific research allow us to conclude that from labor movements and vital actions, physical culture emerged as an almost independent type of human activity in the period from 40 to 25 thousand years BC. The appearance of throwing weapons, and later the bow, contributed to the need to prepare food getters, warriors, to develop and improve already then, in the Stone Age, with the emerging systems of physical education, motor qualities as the key to successful hunting, protection from the enemy, etc.
It is also of interest that many peoples have traditions and customs of using physical culture, its educational component in initiation rituals during the transition from one age group to another. For example, boys were not allowed to get married until certain tests were completed - tests, and girls were not allowed to get married until they proved they were fit for independent life.
The physical culture of the primitive period, developing resilience, strong will, and physical fitness of each member of the tribe, fostered among fellow tribesmen a sense of community in protecting their interests.
Of particular interest is the physical culture of Ancient Greece, where “those who could not read, write and swim were considered illiterate,” physical education in the ancient Greek states of Sparta and Athens, where gymnastics, fencing, horse riding, swimming, and running were taught from the age of 7 , wrestling and fist fighting - from the age of 15.
An example characterizing the level of development of physical culture in these countries was the organization and holding of the Olympic Games.
The great people of antiquity, known throughout the world, were also great athletes: the philosopher Plato was a fist fighter, the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was an Olympic champion, Hippocrates was a swimmer and wrestler.
All nations had mythical heroes with supernatural physical and spiritual abilities: Hercules and Achilles among the Greeks, Gilgames among the Babylonians, Samson among the Jews, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich among the Slavs. People, exalting their exploits, victories in competitions, the fight against evil and the forces of nature, strived to be healthy, strong, skillful and hardworking, which, naturally, was reflected in the characteristics of education, physical education, and physical culture.
A distinctive feature of the ancient Greeks was agon, i.e. competitive beginning. Noble aristocrats in Homer's poems compete in strength, dexterity and perseverance; victory brings glory and honor, not material wealth. Gradually, the idea of winning a competition as the highest value, glorifying the winner and bringing him honor and respect in society, is being established in society. The formation of ideas about agon gave rise to various games that were of an aristocratic nature. The oldest and most important games were those first held in 776 BC. in honor of Olympian Zeus and since then repeated every four years. They lasted five days and during this time sacred peace was proclaimed throughout Greece. The only reward for the winner was an olive branch. An athlete who won the games three times (“Olympian”) received the right to install his statue in the sacred grove of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Athletes competed in running, fist wrestling, and chariot racing. Later, the Pythian Games in Delphi (in honor of Apollo) - the reward was a laurel wreath, the Isthmian Games (in honor of the god Poseidon) on the Isthmus of Corinth, where the reward was a wreath of pine branches, and, finally, the Nemean Games (in honor of Zeus) were added to the Olympic Games. . Participants in all games performed naked, so women were prohibited from attending the games under pain of death. The beautiful naked body of an athlete became one of the most common motifs in ancient Greek art.
Just as in Greece, from early times various festivals and performances played an important role in the public life of Rome. At first, public performances were also religious ceremonies; they were an indispensable part of religious holidays.
In the VI century. BC e. they began to organize performances of a secular (not religious) nature, and not priests, but officials began to be responsible for their conduct. The venue for such performances was no longer the altar of one god or another, but a circus located in the lowland between the Palatine and Aventine hills.
The earliest Roman civil holiday was the festival of the Roman Games. For several centuries it was the only civil holiday of the Romans. From the 3rd century. BC. new ideas are established. Plebeian games become of great importance. At the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd century. BC e. The Apollo Games, games in honor of the Great Mother of the Gods - the Megalenic Games, as well as floralia - in honor of the goddess Flora, were also established. These games were annual and regular, but in addition to them, extraordinary games could also be held depending on a successful war, deliverance from an invasion, a vow, or simply the desire of the magistrate.
The games lasted from 14 - 15 days (Roman and Plebeian games) to 6 - 7 days (floralia). Total duration of all holidays these games (ordinary) reached 76 days a year.
Gladiator fights are gaining extraordinary development in Rome. Gladiator fights were held in Etruscan cities since the 6th century. BC e. From the Etruscans they entered Rome. For the first time in 264, a fight between three pairs of gladiators was staged in Rome. Over the next century and a half, gladiatorial games were held at the funerals of noble persons, called funeral games and had the character of a private performance. Gradually, the popularity of gladiator fights is growing.
In 105 BC. e. gladiatorial fights were declared part of public spectacles and magistrates began to take care of their organization. Along with magistrates, private individuals also had the right to fight. To give a performance of a gladiator fight meant to gain popularity among Roman citizens and to be elected to public office. And since there were many people who wanted to receive a magistrate’s position, the number of gladiator fights increased. Several dozen and even hundreds of pairs of gladiators worth several hundred thousand sesterces are already being brought into the arena. Gladiatorial fights became a favorite spectacle not only in the city of Rome, but also in all Italian, and later in provincial cities. They were so popular that Roman architects created a special, previously unknown type of building - an amphitheater, where gladiatorial fights and baiting of animals were held. Amphitheaters were designed for several tens of thousands of spectators and were several times greater than the capacity of theater buildings.
The number of performances, both private and public, in Rome and other cities and their duration constantly increased, and their importance grew more and more. At the end of the Republic, magistrates and statesmen considered the holding of public performances an important part of their government activities. In the conditions of an aristocratic republic, where all power was concentrated in the hands of a narrow elite of the slave-owning class, the ruling group considered the organization of public performances one of the means to help distract the broad masses of Roman citizenship from active state activities. It is not surprising that the growth of public performances was accompanied by a decline in the importance of popular assemblies and their political role.
In 394 AD e. The Roman Emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree banning the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And for one and a half thousand years the games were not held. In subsequent centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was given to it in Ancient Greece.
Military physical education is characteristic of the Middle Ages. A warrior knight had to master the seven knightly virtues: horse riding, fencing, archery, swimming, hunting, playing chess and the ability to write poetry.
The history of the European Middle Ages revolved around knights, whom some call fearless warriors, devoted vassals, defenders of the weak, noble servants of beautiful ladies, and gallant gentlemen, because in those days they were the only real force. The power that everyone needed: kings, churches; smaller rulers, peasants.
But it’s not enough to pick up a weapon - you need to be able to use it perfectly. This requires constant, tedious training from a very young age. It is not for nothing that boys from knightly families were taught to wear armor from childhood - complete sets are known for 6-8 year old children. Therefore, the heavily armed horseman must be a rich man with time at his disposal. Large rulers could maintain only a very small number of such warriors at court. Where can I get the rest? After all, a strong peasant, even if he has 45 cows, will not give them up for a pile of iron and a beautiful horse, but not suitable for farming. A solution was found: the king obliged small landowners to work for a certain time for a large one, supply him with the required amount of food and handicrafts, and he had to be ready to serve the king for a certain number of days a year as a heavily armed horseman.
A knight is an individual fighter, a privileged warrior. He is a professional from birth and in military affairs is equal to any of his class, up to the king. In battle, he depends only on himself and can stand out, be the first, only by showing his courage, the quality of his armor and the agility of his horse. And he showed it with all his might. From the end of the 11th century, during the Crusades, spiritual knightly orders began to emerge with strict regulations regulating military operations.
With the advent of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, people remembered the Olympic Games. At the beginning of the 19th century. the sport gained universal recognition in Europe and a desire arose to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left some traces in history. Although they did not produce tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, they served as an impetus for the formation of the Olympic Games of our time, which owe their revival to the French public figure, teacher, and historian Pierre De Coubertin. The growth of economic and cultural communication between states, which arose at the end of the 18th century, and the emergence of modern modes of transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre De Coubertin: “We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!” found a proper response in many countries.
On June 23, 1894, a commission to revive the Olympic Games met in the Great Hall of the Sorbonne in Paris. Pierre De Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee - the IOC - was formed, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.
By decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympics were held in April 1896 in the capital of Greece at the Panathenaic Stadium.
2. Development of physical culture in Russia
Various forms of physical exercise have long been known to the Russian people. Games, swimming, skiing, wrestling, fist fighting, horse riding and hunting were widespread already in Ancient Rus'. Various games were also widely used: lapta, gorodki, grandmas, leapfrog and many others.
The physical culture of the Russian people was distinguished by great originality and originality. In physical exercises common among Russians in the XIII-XVI centuries. their military and paramilitary character was clearly expressed. Horse riding, archery, and steeplechase were favorite folk pastimes in Rus'. Fist fights were also widespread, and for a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century) they played an important role as one of the main folk original forms of physical education.
Cross-country skiing, skating, sledding, etc. were very popular among Russians. One of the original means of physical education was hunting, which served not only for hunting purposes, but also to show one’s dexterity and fearlessness (for example, hunting a bear with a spear).
Hardening was carried out in an extremely unique way in Rus'. The Russian custom is well known, immediately after being in a hot bath, dousing yourself with cold water or wiping yourself with snow. Valuable original types of physical exercises were also common among other peoples who became part of the multinational Russian state that was created later.
The emergence and strengthening of the noble empire of Peter I (18th century) affected, to a certain extent, the state’s influence on the development of physical culture. This affected, first of all, the combat training of troops, physical education in educational institutions and partly the education of the nobility.
It was during the era of the reforms of Peter I that physical exercises began to be used for the first time in Russia in the training system for soldiers and officers. At the same time, physical exercises, mainly fencing and horse riding, were introduced as an academic discipline at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), at the Maritime Academy and other educational institutions. Under Peter I, physical exercise classes were also introduced in civilian gymnasiums, and rowing and sailing classes were organized for young people. These measures were the first steps of the state to manage the matter of physical culture.
In the future, physical exercises are increasingly used in educational institutions, and especially in the military education system. Much credit for this belongs to the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov.
In the second half of the 19th century. Modern sports begin to develop among young people in the form of sports clubs and clubs. The first gymnastics and sports societies and clubs appeared. In 1897, the first football team was created in St. Petersburg, and in 1911 the All-Russian Football Union was organized, uniting 52 clubs.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Sports societies arose in St. Petersburg: “Mayak”, “Bogatyr”. By 1917, various sports organizations and clubs united a fairly large number of amateur athletes. However, there were no conditions for the development of mass sports. Therefore, in the conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia, individual athletes were able to show results of international class only thanks to their natural abilities and the persistence with which they trained. These are well-known ones - Poddubny, Zaikin, Eliseev and others.
With the advent of Soviet power, pursuing the goal of mass military training of workers and the education of physically hardened army soldiers, in April 1918 the Decree on the organization of universal military training (Vseobuch) was adopted. In a short period of time, 2 thousand sports grounds were built. In 1918, the country's first IFC was organized in Moscow and Leningrad. The question of strengthening state forms of management of physical education and sports work in the country has become acute. On July 27, 1923, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR was issued on the organization of scientific, educational and organizational work in physical education.
Adopted on July 13, 1925, the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) “On the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture” was a program for the development of the physical culture movement in the new conditions of a socialist society. The resolution defined the essence of physical culture and its place in the Soviet state, emphasized its educational significance, and indicated the need to involve the broad masses of workers, peasants, and students in the physical culture movement.
In honor of the 10th anniversary of physical culture in the USSR (counting from the moment of the organization of Universal Education) in 1928, the All-Union Spartakiad was held, attracting over 7 thousand participants.
In 1931-1932 The physical training complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”, developed by a special commission of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, is being introduced. Over the years of the complex’s existence alone, more than 2.5 million people have passed its standards. In 1939, a new improved GTO complex was introduced and in the same year an annual holiday was established - the All-Union Athlete's Day. State policy was also aimed at developing mass tourism. Sections of tourism, mountaineering - rock climbing and later orienteering were in the post-war years in almost every educational institution, enterprises, and factories. The club system began to develop. Tourist clubs became methodological and training centers. The clubs trained instructors, coaches, and section leaders.
During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet athletes contributed to the victory over the enemy. A number of athletes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Skiers and swimmers provided invaluable assistance to the Soviet Army.
In 1957, there were more than 1,500 stadiums, over 5 thousand sports grounds, about 7 thousand gymnasiums, the stadium named after. IN AND. Lenin in Luzhniki, etc.
After 1948, USSR athletes updated all-Union records over 5 thousand times and world records almost a thousand times. The Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR played a major role.
International relations in sports are expanding every year. We are members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Council of Physical Education and Sports (CIEPS), the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and many others, members of the International Federation for 63 sports.
The Russian Student Sports Union (RSSU) was created in 1993. Currently, the RSSU is recognized as a single body for the management of student sports in the Russian Federation for higher education. Ministries and departments that have jurisdiction over higher educational institutions, the Russian State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, and the RSSS actively cooperate with the Russian Olympic Committee, being its member, with government bodies, and various youth organizations. The RSSS joined the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and takes an active part in all its events.
RSSS unites sports clubs, various physical education organizations of more than 600 higher and 2,500 secondary specialized educational institutions in the country.
Conclusion
The harmonious combination of intellect, physical and spiritual forces was highly valued by man throughout his development and improvement. Great men in their works emphasized the need for the comprehensive development of youth, without emphasizing the priority of physical or spiritual education, deeply understanding how overestimation and accentuated formation of any qualities lead to a violation of the harmonious development of the individual.
This paper examines the path that physical culture has made over the long period of its existence. In particular, attention is paid to the Olympic movement, which overcame many obstacles, oblivion and alienation. But despite everything, the Olympic Games are still alive today. These days, the Olympics are one of the biggest events in the world. It is worth remembering that playing professional sports is unthinkable without practicing the basics of physical education.
At the present stage, the task of transforming the mass physical education movement into a nationwide one, based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all social strata of society, is being solved. There are state systems of program-evaluation standards and requirements for physical development and preparedness of various age groups population.
Mandatory physical education classes according to state programs are conducted in preschool institutions, in all types of educational institutions, in the army.
List of used literature
1. Amosov N. M. Thoughts about health. M, 1987.
2. Weinbaum Ya. S. Hygiene of physical education: Textbook. manual for students of the Faculty. physical playback honey. institutions. M., 1986.
3. Evseev Yu. I. Physical culture (textbook for university students). Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2004
4. Kuhn L. “General history of physical culture and sports”; Moscow 1987.
5. Krushilo Yu.S. “Anthology on the history of the ancient world” Moscow 1980.
6. Olivova V. People and games. At the origins of modern sport. - M.: FiS, 1985.
7. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports. - M.: FiS, 1975.
8. Theory and methodology of physical culture: Textbook. manual / Ed. Yu. F. Kuramshina, V. I. Popova. St. Petersburg, 1999. - 324 p.
9. Physical culture: Tutorial for exam preparation / Ed. V. Yu. Volkova and V. I. Zagoruiko. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 224 p.
10. Kholodov Zh. K., Kuznetsov V. S. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports: Textbook. allowance. M.: Academy, 2001. - 479 p.
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Zakharov Vladislav Petrovich
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E-mail:Boss86 rus@ yandex. ru
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Human civilization has the greatest value - culture. Culture is a concept that in modern life has a huge number of definitions in various areas of human activity, formed by society taking into account the development of its material and spiritual values, based on the heritage of all previous generations and passing on this heritage to the future generation.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language S.I. Ozhegova defines culture as a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of people, as well as a high level of something, high development, skill.
Culture is the result of a person’s creativity in various spheres of his activity, the commonality of his material and spiritual values, the development of a person’s spiritual, physical, mental qualities, aimed at improving a person’s capabilities, as well as the totality of all the knowledge that a person and society have at one stage or another of its development. From childhood, the main spheres of human activity are formed in our consciousness, which includes such cultural phenomena as: science, technology, art, music, literature, painting. It is no secret that throughout the existence of mankind, man himself and society have acted as carriers of culture.
Formation and development to culture, as culture in general, has been carried out for many centuries and takes a long time. Mastering the huge layer of Russian culture created by the Russian people over many centuries is a daunting task. The basis of culture is national-spiritual, socio-cultural, ethical, aesthetic and moral values. And a person’s personality can only be formed when it is educated and brought up on cultural traditions.
Culture is created by people, and their worldview, understanding of the world, feelings, tastes, desires and interests are formed in specific social, economic and public conditions. The developing culture of the people is greatly influenced by the geographic environment, as well as morals, traditions, customs, and all the cultural heritage inherited by modern society from previous generations.
Physical culture is a layer of culture, which is a body of knowledge aimed at developing and strengthening the physical health of a person and society. As a social phenomenon, physical culture has functioned throughout the history of the development of human society.
It is impossible to determine the time of the emergence of the first sprouts of physical culture, since the roots of the culture go back to ancient times. But we can safely say that physical culture arose and developed simultaneously with universal human culture.
The development of physical culture in society was influenced by people's production relations, economic, political and ideological forms of struggle, achievements of science, philosophy, and art. At the same time, physical culture has as ancient a history as society.
Physical culture not only fulfills the tasks of human physical development, but also develops social functions in the field of morality, ethics, education, ethics and aesthetics.
Historically, physical culture developed under the influence of the real needs of society for the full physical preparation of the younger generation and the adult population for work. At the same time, as the education system and upbringing system developed, physical culture became a basic factor in the formation of motor skills.
The prerequisites for the emergence of physical education can be observed since ancient times. Among the ancient Slavs, physical culture began to develop in the 6th-9th centuries. The image of a harmoniously developed personality is perfectly revealed in epics, tales, fairy tales, legends, and songs of that time. Capacious in content, revealing the ideal image of an intelligent and strong hero - a warrior who personifies the entire Russian people, epics, legends, chronicles, songs are essentially the main sources of the development of physical culture in Rus'. The Old Russian epic depicts the ideal image of a warrior-bogatyr. Who doesn’t know the epic heroes Nikita Kozhemyaka, Mikula Selyaninovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich. The hero appears before us not only as a physically developed and invincible person, but also as a person who has a perfect command of life experience and work skills, possessing mental superiority and ingenuity over his enemies. A man of that time needed physical strength so that he could protect not only himself and his relatives, but also his fellow tribesmen from external enemies, so that he could “stand up for the Russian land.” The Slavs achieve physical perfection through competition. Games based on elements of labor activity are widespread among the Slavs. From ancient times, well-known games of that time, such as gorodki and lapta, have survived to this day. Towns are mentioned not only in folk tales, but even in chronicles. This brave fun was spread throughout Rus'. Not a single folk festival was complete without competitions between city dwellers. Also A.V. Suvorov, a military theorist, a great commander, wrote: “The game of small towns develops eye, speed, and pressure. I rush with a bat - this is an eye, I hit with a bat - this is speed, I knock out with a bat - this is pressure.”
Parents taught their children horse riding, archery, javelin throwing, swimming, wrestling and other types of physical exercise. Hunting and games occupied an important place in the education of young people. In the process of hunting, the qualities necessary in life and everyday life were acquired - strength, endurance, dexterity, courage, determination, ingenuity, skill.
Famous Russian historian S.M. Solovyov wrote about the military-physical qualities of the ancient Slavs: “... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers, where they could stay much longer than people of other tribes. They stayed under the water, lying on their backs and holding a cut reed in their mouths, the top of which came out on top of the river and thus conducted air to the hidden swimmer. The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small spears, some had shields, hard and very heavy, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison, which is very effective if a skilled doctor does not give first aid to the wounded.”
Due to the fact that Rus' was forced to wage many wars, therefore the main goal of physical education until the 18th century. there was military physical training.
The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, the author of the first ancient Russian chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years,” was the first to describe ancient physical exercises, “about games between villages, which attracted almost all people, young and old.” During the games, competitions were held in various competitions: jumping, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, “bear wrestling”, running games, archery, horse racing.
One of the mass folk forms of physical education in Rus' was fist fights. The most popular and most widespread in Rus' were mass battles “wall to wall”, and among ancient folk competitions they occupied a special place.
Folk forms of physical culture are especially evident among such a class in Rus' as the Cossacks. A Cossack is a defender of the Motherland. He must be the same as his ancestors were - glorious and mighty heroes who defended the Russian land. That is why every Cossack had to strive not only for his physical development, but also for his moral character. The upbringing of the future Cossack began in a family where special attention was paid to physical training. The boy was put on a horse after the appearance of his first tooth, and by the age of seven the Cossack boy proudly pranced on a horse.
The basis of the ideological orientation of the Cossacks was to instill in the Cossacks devotion to their people, loyalty to their cause, and love for their native land. The Cossacks systematically included physical exercise in games, shows, hunting, holidays, and military campaigns. All types of physical exercises were a variety of forms of physical training among the Cossacks. The methods used to teach military physical exercises were based on example, imitation, copying, and experience.
By the end of the 17th century. Russia has undergone significant changes in the development of its economy and culture. The first of the kings to set a priority for the development of physical culture was Peter I. It was during his reign that skating, fencing, and horse riding became the most popular hobbies.
In the conditions of colossal transformations carried out in Russia since the time of Peter I, the need for educated and competent personnel is growing immeasurably. Special educational institutions are opening in the country. They train personnel for industry, army, navy and public service. A school of mathematical and navigational sciences is opened in Moscow, in which physical training is introduced for the first time as a compulsory academic subject. The main means of physical education, depending on the conditions of the places of classes, the availability of teachers and the specifics of the educational institution, included fencing (“rapier science”), horse riding, rowing, sailing, pistol shooting, dancing and games.
Military reforms of the late 17th and early XVIII V. played a significant role in the formation of the system of military physical training in the Russian army. Peter I organizes the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky amusing regiments. All military-physical training and exercises in regiments are carried out in conditions close to combat. Considerable time in physical training is devoted to mastering bayonet fighting.
At the end of the 30s of the XIX century. physical training begins to emerge as an independent form of military training. The priority objectives are the physical development of soldiers and strengthening their health, as well as the ability to better master combat techniques with weapons.
Second half of the 19th century. - 1917 is a significant period in the field of physical education, which played a significant role in the development of physical culture. During this period, pedagogical and natural-scientific layers of physical education were born, a system of physical education (education) was created, and modern sports were developed.
The first experimental private schools for children are appearing in Russia, where an important primary idea is education in the field of physical development of children. Great importance in the development of physical culture was attached to the emergence of a new type of physical education organizations - public physical education and sports organizations that called for a healthy lifestyle, gymnastics, sports and tourism.
Many modern sports are emerging and beginning to develop, in which national championships are held for the first time, and All-Russian sports organizations are being created. Russia is beginning to actively participate in the work of international sports associations.
By 1910, football, speed skating, skiing, and other leagues were created. For the first time, Russian athletes go to international competitions and have the opportunity to host them in their own country, winning the title of European and World champions. Russia is gradually becoming a sports power.
For the first time, Russian athletes participated in the Olympic Games in 1908 in London. Only five athletes come to the Games, and three of them win 3 medals - one gold and two silver. In 1912, 178 Russian athletes already participated in the V Olympic Games.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, the development of physical culture changed radically. The new Soviet state and the Communist Party begin to massively develop sports in the young country. The people's power makes physical culture and sports a universal property and opens the way to it for everyone who strives for comprehensive physical development. An ideological culture is being formed in the country, and as its component - physical culture. Physical education clubs are appearing in factories and factories. Young people are starting to gravitate towards sports. In 1920, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened for the first time in the young Soviet Republic.
Since the first years of Soviet power, state and physical culture and sports associations have been implementing a program for the mass development of physical culture and sports among the people. Athletics cross-country races, cycling races, skiing and other mass competitions are being held more and more often. For the first time in May 1920, Sports Day was held in the country.
On August 17, 1928, the first All-Union Spartakiad opens on Red Square, which turns into a mass national review of the achievements of the Soviet physical education movement, becoming an important means of identifying physical abilities among young people and increasing the achievements of Soviet athletes.
The process of development of the scientific foundations of physical culture was largely hampered by their excessive ideologization and politicization. In the 30-50s. Soviet physical culture and sports become part of the ideology of the totalitarian regime, their methodological basis for the proclamation of the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism. The main efforts of science in the USSR were aimed at developing elite sports.
In 1931, the Soviet Union developed the GTO physical education complex - “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”, which was based on program evaluation standards and requirements for physical education of various age groups of the population. The GTO system was the basis of the Soviet system of physical education and was aimed at the comprehensive physical development of people, strengthening and preserving their health, preparation for highly productive work and defense of the Motherland, and contributed to the formation of the spiritual and moral image of Soviet people. First, the GTO complex includes stage I, which consists of 21 tests, 13 of which had specific standards. Then stage II is developed, which already includes 24 types of tests, 19 of them are specific standards. For schoolchildren, the GTO complex was supplemented with the “Be Ready for Labor and Defense” (BGTO) level. In the period 1934-1988. the complex was repeatedly changed, improved and adjusted in accordance with the spirit of the times, the tasks that faced the country, as well as in connection with the achievements of science in the field of physical education.
In the pre-war years and the years of the Great Patriotic War, efforts in the development of physical culture were aimed at organizing military physical training and therapeutic physical culture. In 1939, a new GTO complex was approved. It includes such types of tests as throwing a bunch of grenades, high-speed walking, overcoming water crossings, crawling, and bayonet fighting. These norms became basic and mandatory for that time.
The country returned to physical education immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. Already in August 1945, the All-Union Parade of Athletes took place on Red Square in Moscow. The country is beginning to massively attract young people to the physical education movement, and national championships are beginning to be held in various types sports, physical education holidays, sports days, competitions.
Sports games are especially popular in the USSR. Sports such as football, basketball, hockey and volleyball are beginning to develop especially successfully. Sports such as gymnastics and athletics are gaining popularity.
On October 23, 1974, the International Olympic Committee at its regular session in Vienna elects Moscow as the venue for the XXII Olympic Games. The enormous authority of Soviet sports, won by victories and achievements in the international arena, and a significant contribution to the further development of the Olympic movement in the country, speaks in favor of our capital.
After the 1980 Olympics, physical education and sports continue to lead on the world stage - they become a powerful tool in educating young people in the spirit of patriotism, as worthy citizens and defenders of their Motherland. After all, it is the youth who are the future of the country, and the way they are educated will directly affect the further development and prosperity of the state.
No matter how we now feel about the totalitarian regime in which our country was for more than 70 years, we cannot ignore the fact that Soviet ideology did a lot for the physical education of a person. This is natural: an ideology based on materialism and exalting physical labor should pay attention to physical education.
This was the case as long as the Soviet Union existed. Then comes a crisis of power, which immediately affects both physical culture and physical education. During times of crisis, physical education fades into the background. Funding from the state is being reduced and, as a result, sports schools and sections, children’s and youth sports organizations and Olympic reserve schools are closing, physical education and industrial gymnastics, so popular in Soviet times, are disappearing into oblivion. A significant part of the sporting events organized by the state in those days is gradually being forgotten. Commercialism and money-grubbing are taking their place. The importance of mass sports in the public consciousness of the people is falling dramatically.
The new state system of physical education begins with the signing of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the creation of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism. In 1999, the President of the Russian Federation signed the law “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”, which clearly establishes the legal, organizational, economic and social foundations of the activities of physical culture and sports organizations, defines the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports and the Olympic movement in Russia.
In the context of socio-economic and political transformations in modern Russia, a special place is given to the development of physical culture and sports in the country, the strengthening of physical and moral spirit, spiritual health of a person, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. Strengthening people's health, preserving the country's gene pool, raising a comprehensively harmonious personality, professional preparation for choosing a future profession - these are some of the main functions of physical education in our modern society.
In solving the assigned tasks, the modern state attaches enormous importance to the physical education of children and modern youth in society and in the family. After all, only society and family ensure the healthy gene pool of our country. One of the state's priorities is to take care of the health of the entire nation.
Physical culture, through physical exercise, prepares people for life and work, using the natural forces of nature and the whole complex of factors (work schedule, everyday life, rest, hygiene, etc.) that determine a person’s physical health and the level of his general and special physical fitness.
The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are its widespread use of physical culture means in the field of education and upbringing, sports competitions, promotion of physical culture, and involvement in physical development through the media.
Bibliography:
- Goloshchapov B.R. History of physical culture and sports. Textbook for students. higher ped. educational institutions, M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2001.
- Zakharov P.Ya. History of physical culture and sports. Training and metodology complex. Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2009.
- Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Publishing house "Az", 1992.
- Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports. M: Physical culture and sport, 1983